I first starting noticing hair loss in my early 20's, and the annual family reunion gave me regular reminders of what I was in for if I didn't do anything about it. I've spent years trying to control it, most of which was on the Big 3 until I abandoned it for reasons below. I'll go over my experience on the drugs and then what I'm trying now.
To answer the OP's question: there is no cure as of early 2014. There are a few FDA approved treatments of varying effectiveness and side effects, and there are a host of home brew solutions. Some of those are pure snake oil while some have evidence behind them, and it's hard to sort them out. Going forward there are promising potential cures--I'm particularly interested in hair cloning--but you can't count on having them in the next few years if ever, so it's worth trying to at least slow down and stabilize your current loss.
Before getting into my take on treatment, fair warning: a major challenge with picking hair loss protocols is that the vast majority do not have extensive studies behind them like those you find with minoxidil (rogaine) and finasteride (propecia). Those kind of FDA-aproval tier studies require serious corporate backing, so many of the treatments that people swear by on forums and blogs don't have sources to cite as there is little to no grant money available for non-commercial treatments. This leaves many of the forum discussions little more than hearsay, my own included. I'll cite studies where I can, otherwise, you need to make your own best judgment.
To start with, here's my experience on the Big 3, ranked in the order that I recommend trying them:
Ketoconazole/Nizoral: this is a shampoo whose active ingredient is ketoconazole, originally used to kill microbes causing infection on the scalp. When using the shampoo regularly, your scalp will build up a concentration of ketoconazole that inhibits DHT. Long story short, DHT is a main driver of hair loss, and reducing its effects is crucial for most men affected by hair loss.
There is research behind using ketoconazole to treat hair loss, such as
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12227482/ and
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18498517. Anecdotally you've find plenty of people who report better results using it, myself included. I'm not aware of any side effects or other problems for most people, so I consider this is a safe bet and suggest it for pretty much everyone with male pattern baldness to try.
Rather than Nizoral, I recommend either Regenepure or Revita--those formulas are much less harsh on my scalp than Nizoral is, and the Regenpure in particular leaves my hair looking fuller. I started using ketoconazole shampoo 3 years ago and haven't stopped since, including throughout the time period where I ceased using the drugs below.
Minoxidil/Rogaine: this is the original FDA-approved treatment from the 80's, and there's so much research out there supporting it that I'll leave it to the curious to look it for themselves. Its exact mechanism is unknown (last time I checked anyway), but the basic effect is that it stimulates follicles to keep pumping out hair when they would otherwise stop due to male pattern baldness. It's fairly safe, though some people have reported side effects they are nothing like those on finasteride.
I used it off and on for some years, and when I was consistent on it I did notice it propping up thinning hair around my temples. Personally, I disliked having my hair feel greasy all day and night, and it definitely caused some drying out and itching so I ultimately dropped it in favor of other treatments. At the same time, some people can use it indefinitely without ill effects, and I wouldn't discourage trying it. It is cheap and easy to use if nothing else, especially compared to the investments required for some of the later items.
If you're going to use it, try out one of these augmented formulas:
1. minomuck: this adds some anti-DHT and other properties to minoxidil. You order the muck at
http://www.qdbd.com/hair_loss_treatment_minmuck.htm and mix it in with your Kirkland bulk package or other generic brand of minoxidil. I got about a year's worth out of one order of the muck, and found it made the minoxidil slightly more pleasant to use.
2. Lippogaine: a commercial product similar to the minomuck without you having to mix it up yourself. You can find it with plenty of customer reviews on Amazon.
Finasteride/Propecia: the active ingredient in this is finasteride, which was originally used to treat enlarged prostates. Basically, taking finasteride in pill form causes your blood DHT levels to plummet, which in turn lowers scalp DHT levels. Above I mentioned that DHT is a main driver of typical hair loss, so naturally this helps protect against said loss. The problem is, DHT is a hormone derived from testosterone that the male body uses for normal function. Screwing with the body's endocrine system is risky.
When Propecia first came out, the official FDA study claimed that only 2% or so of men suffered side effects, and that said side effects included reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, etc. The marketing at the time claimed that side effects go away after just a few weeks off the drug, so hey, why not try it and see? I knew I needed something to try to stop hair loss, and I figured if I was part of the unlucky 1 in 50 men I'd just stop taking it.
I was on it for 5 years. First, the good: it did its job. Within 3 months of taking it I noticed thin fine hairs coming in, and within a year my hairline was stronger than it had been for a couple years. It also held the line, and throughout that 5 year period I considered my hair loss dealt with. Now, during this period I'd occasionally hear of men complaining about side effects, but figured it was just scaremongering and/or them trying to promote some treatment of their own.
Near the end of my time on propecia I got into game. Problem is, for most of my early lays I wasn't enjoying the sex as much as I thought I would...I had normal function, but it just didn't feel that satisfying and I rarely came. I thought I was too inexperienced and it'd go away, but even with girls I saw regularly sex never got as good as it should have been. I chalked it up to me being behind from being a late bloomer and/or other baggage I had to deal with.
Around the 5 year mark, my prescription lapsed in the dead of Winter and the doctor insisted that I come in to get it renewed. I didn't have time to do so for a while, and I ended up running out of the drug. After 2 weeks off it, I went through this sudden phase of aggression. I remember driving around and getting incredibly irritated at anything other people did on the road, working out harder than usual, and feeling a surge of libido like I hadn't since college.
This made me think back to what I'd read about men's complaints of side effects and complete loss of libido and sexual function. Once the aggression phase passed I got back to feeling "normal", but the increased drive remained. Sex got a lot more pleasurable and when Spring came I hit the bars with a focus I hadn't felt before even when first getting into game. After that I couldn't stomach the thought of getting on propecia again and swore it off.
With all that said, some men take propecia for years and feel just fine. Others have side effects that make mine look like a picnic. Several years ago research started coming out showing that the side effect rate of finasertide is way above 2%, and that unlike the company's claims the sides can be permanent. You can read a collection of the studies, stories of men with persistent side effects, and see their blood work at
http://propeciahelp.com/ with studies at
http://propeciahelp.com/studies-and-research.
I just checked for current news on Merck (the makers of Propecia), and apparently right now there are several colleges recruiting men for side effect studies. There are class action lawsuits in Canada and Israel against Merck for men suffering persistent side effects, and a handful of European nations require warning labels on Propecia for the risk of the same.
So, for me at least finasteride is poison, and I recommend against it...if you're seriously considering it or your doctor is pushing it, check some studies before taking it. You should also get preliminary blood work done, monitoring your testosterone, estrodial, prolactin, and some other hormones and see if they are affected by the drug. Some unlucky men end up with suppressed T and increased estrogen and prolactin, not a pretty picture.
LLLT: after dropping finasteride I went into denial about hair loss for a while. I kept using ketoconazole shampoo but otherwise said fuck it, and unfortunately the hair loss picked up again. I coasted for a year, then realized that if I wanted to avoid a future shaved head it was time to try something new.
My research took me into reading about low level laser therapy (LLLT) treatments for hair loss. Commercially you can go to laser hair studies, where they have what looks like those perm stations you see at hair salons but that use lasers to stimulate hair growth. They have a strong track record, however, they are crazy expensive...I've heard of annual contracts running $10K+, which is more than I'm good for.
I researched how to build your own, and stubbornly tried my first helmet do-it-yourself style and pretty much screwed it up--I used too weak of a power supply and thin of wires, and had a sloppy build anyway, so my follicles got much lower stimulation than they should have. I did notice some improvements to hair quality, but results were random and when I saw that my helmet was flickering from the poor wiring I ordered a helmet from a guy who specializes in them and tried again.
I just started using the new helmet 3 weeks ago, and it's too early to evaluate results. I can only vouch for it in as much as saying my research convinced me it could work, my early results from the screwed up helmet were promising, and I'm testing a proper build now. We'll see.
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With current medical technology, it is impossible to regrow the hair you have lost.
There are medications to prevent further hair loss, but you won't regrow the hair. You can only stop the process in its tracks.
Fun fact: I lied above, there is a proven hair loss treatment...just no one in his right mind will do it. Men with male pattern baldness who get castrated will indeed stop losing their hair, and even get some regrowth. But, that regrowth is limited...a half-bald castrated guy will regain a couple year's worth of hair and no more. One proposed reason is that just like acne scarring, male pattern baldness causes fibrosis of the scalp and other such things, such as in this study:
http://www.ehrs.org/conferenceabstracts/...tinova.htm
The take away is that with your theoretically perfect hair loss treatment, you'll regrow at the most 30 months of hair loss. The odds of you stumbling on the perfect treatment are low, so I'd more realistically say you can get a year or two's regrowth if you hit all the right notes in treatment. I wouldn't even aim for that, though, as with current options your best bet is to prolong what you've got till a cure comes in.