Two suspects shot dead at Muhammad Art Exhibit
05-06-2015, 01:41 AM
Samseau, you made this statement in an earlier post:
"The religion [Islam] has never produced anything of lasting value and most of their achievements come from Christians who were forced into conversion at the point of a sword."
This is incorrect. We must try to transcend our backgrounds, reject narrow-minded sectarian animosity, and see things fairly and objectively.
Medieval Islam was far ahead of Christian Europe in almost all fields of endeavor: science, medicine, architecture, public health, mathematics, chemistry, sociology, and natural philosophy. While Europe was mired in backwardness and ignorance, the streets of Samarkand, Seville, Baghdad, and Damascus shone like jewels.
This is demonstrable fact. And while Islam did inherit and build on the existing traditions in the Near East, it enlarged and added to that legacy to make Islamic civilization one of the world's great cultures. The genius of Islamic civilization lies in just this: it combined elements of syncretism with an explosive vitality that shook the world.
The influence of Islam on Christianity was immense. From Islam, Christian Europe received foods, drinks, drugs, medicaments, armor, heraldry, artistic patterns, industrial and commercial articles, maritime codes and ways, even the words for these things. It's embedded in the language. All of these words are of Arabic origin: orange, lemon, sugar, syrup sherbet, julep, elixir, azure, admiral, algebra, zero, cipher, azimuth, alembic, zenith, almanac, just to name a few of hundreds.
In the Middle Ages, Moslems had the unchallenged supremacy in science and mathematics. In fact, most of the authorities in these areas wrote books that, translated into Latin, were standard textbooks for Europeans for centuries.
And this supremacy spanned places as disparate as Morocco to Azerbaijan. In 1229, Hasan Al Marraqushi published tables of sines and cosines for each degree, as well as tangents and arc tangents. A generation later, Nasir ud-Din al-Tusi (i.e., of Tus) issued the first ever treatise on trigonometry as an independent field of mathematics.
The outstanding work of physical science in this era was Abu al Fath al Khuzini, whose book (c. 1122) gave a history of science ("Book of the Balance of Wisdom") that proposed the law of universal gravitation. Al-Khawarismi invented logarithms, and gave his name to that mathematical term ("logarithm").
In 1081, Ibrahim Al Sahdi of Valencia constructed the oldest known celestial globe, a brass sphere 81 inches in diameter, that was filled with astronomical data. These are only a few of hundreds.
Other names, out of a great many, that readers here should look up are:
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al Idrisi (geography and astronomy)
Abu Ishaq al-Bitruji (astronomy), known in Europe as Alpetragius.
Abu Muhammad ibn Baitar of Malaga (1190-1248): botanist, whose book remained the standard text until the 16th century.
Islamic medicine was vastly superior to Europe's of the same period. See., e.g.:
Ibn Baitar (medicine)
Abu Marwan ibn Zuhr (1091-1162): Known in Europe as Avenzoar (medicine)
And I haven't even mentioned Averroes, Ibn Sina, or Ibn Khaldun, who are universally famous as philosophers, and scientists, and who were all brilliantly original.
Hospitals were far more numerous in Islam than in Europe. A Syrian physician, Ala' al-Din ibn al-Nafis, described the pulmonary circulation of the blood 300 years before Servetus in Europe. An Arab physician (Ibn al-Khatib) identified the cause of the Black Plague as a contagion and advised quarantine, while the Europeans were flummoxing around in hopeless ignorance.
These are just the few that come to my mind, Samseau.
And I haven't even talked about the Muslim achievements in art, literature, poetry, and philosophy. Chemistry as an experimental science was practically invented by medieval Islam.
Of course, Islam entered a long period of decline after the destruction of Baghdad in 1253, that was helped by other factors. That is a subject for a different day. The fact that the world of Islam today is mired in poverty and war must not blind us to the fact that things were very different at one time. The loss of trade routes, colonialism, and poor leadership were all contributing factors.
But the point here is that we need to recognize that Islam did make original and enduring contributions to world knowledge. These things are not taught in schools in America, so outside of specialist circles they are not well known.
I'll wrap up with this quote from historian Will Durant, which I think is relevant:
As men are members of one another, and generations are moments in a family line, so civilizations are units in a larger whole whose name is history; they are stages in the life of man. Civilization is polygenetic--it is the cooperative product of many peoples, ranks, and faiths; and no one who studies its history can be a bigot of race or creed. Therefore, the scholar, though he belongs to his country through affectionate kinship, feels himself also a citizen of that Country of the Mind which knows no hatreds and no frontiers; he hardly deserves his name if he carries into his study political prejudices, or racial discriminations, or religious animosities; and he accords his grateful homage to any people that has borne the torch and enriched his heritage.
This is what I believe.