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A Masonic philosopher named Manly P. Hall is a great resource for this kind of stuff (check out The Secret Destiny of America, for example, or his lectures on YouTube). This is kind of the "hidden history" of Western culture that you will never read about in school textbooks, since the esoteric stuff is still considered "scary" and is very far from the mainstream fields that people tend to study.
There are a couple of arguable issues with Manly P. Hall as a resource. I'm not sure about
TSDoA, but he wasn't a Freemason when he wrote a
The Secret Teachings of All Ages. He was made an honorary Mason, I believe, well into later life. Now, I'm not asserting that the information in the book is wrong in terms of an accurate description of Masonic belief, just that he wasn't exactly in the inner circle when he wrote his most heralded book of esoteric doctrine. I own the book (TSToAA), and find it useful and interesting to a degree for purposes of comparative religion, but I am cautious when it comes to its core message in terms how accurately it describes the actual Masonic thesis (that I can not confirm). I'm completely neutral on it precisely because I cannot confirm the central Masonic thesis.
This leads me to my next observation: I cannot state this with absolute certainty, but my middle-level knowledge of Egyptian Theology seems to conflict with the core message of A Secret Teaching of All Ages. Keep in mind that Egyptian theology is more or less represented as the foundational theology of esoterism in this book and, from what I know, in Freemasonry. This book's core theological concept is that the primary essence of God is reason. Thus, the book forwards an ultimately secular theology wrapped up, in incredible detail, with a lot of legitimate ancient theology and esoterism. From what I know, the actual Egyptian doctrine is more or less the philosophical opposite of reason. However, like I alluded to, I'd have to dig a little deeper to confirm this.
What this means is that any of the following might be true:
1. Hall's writing is misleading and does not accurately reflect the doctrine of Freemasonry (that does accurately reflect ancient doctrine);
2. Freemasonry's doctrine is the inverse of ancient theology while representing itself as its torchbearer (and Hall's writing accurately reflects Freemasonry).
3. The third option is that I am wrong and that Hall, Freemasonry, and Ancient Doctrine are all congruent. Though, given that the Platonism, that closely mirrored and likely came out of Egyptian theology, decidedly does not reflect Hall's central thesis; I find this to be implausible.
4. The fourth option, I suppose, is that Hall's thesis reflects a portion of Freemasonic teaching that is resolved with ancient theology in later, unrevealed initiations. Though, that would run counter to the widespread historical grievances against freemasons and their supposedly ultra-liberal nature. Plato did hold reason to be one of the last steps, but not the last step, out of the cave.
The software of Western civilization is Greek philosophy, which some people surmise arose from Egypt in its most historically vaunted form (Plato). As a theology, modern Christianity essentially bridges the gamut between Plato and Aristotle, with Aristotle dominating the core thought of most Christian denominations with Plato adding the window dressing (which is an unfortunate balance in my mind).
Judaic belief ranges widely, with Modern Orthodox Jews to more liberal Jews essentially embracing and Aristotelian theology and Haredi Jews (Ultra Orthodox) seemingly reverting back toward (and perhaps beyond) Plato in the form of the complicated Kabbalah doctrines. Though, I do not know enough bout Kabbalah to be able to say that this parallel is any more than conjecture based on limited knowledge on my part. Whatever the case, it is difficult to tack down the center of "Jewish theology" past its central eschatological beliefs. Some Jewish philosophy is similar to some Christianity, and millions of Jews believe in something that is essentially the opposite of most modern Christianity. The eschatological doctrines are more or less at odds with one another.
The most accurate category for the West would be that of Greek society, in my estimation, not as Christian nor Judaic.
Judaism and Christianity converge and diverge depending on what we are talking about, and Jews certainly do not believe that the Savior or Logos of mankind was here in the form of Christ (that honor is awaiting their savior), but in sum I think that the difference in what they see for the world's future is what ultimately prevents us from hyphenating Judaism and Christianity.