I want to begin this data sheet by stating that the best surfer out there is the one having the most fun.
Of all of the activities that I do, surfing is my favorite; it seems that I never tire of surfing….at least not yet. I have been surfing for about 4 decades and the last decade has been an endless summer. I will surf everyday if I can, from first light to twilight if the waves are pumping and my body can endure.
The feeling that you get when you catch a wave is called the stoke and it lasts a lifetime. It is the sensation that you get as you catch and carve up the wave and/or when you continue to have this feeling after you get home; it is being happy and thrilled at the same time. You dream about it even after decades. Physiologically it is what you feel after the adrenaline rush is gone and may be attributed to the negatively-charged ions given off by churned up water and sea spray, which can elevate serotonin levels. While surfing you experience elevated levels of adrenalin and dopamine. There is also a sense of peace and tranquility that I experience as I sit on his board while the sun warms my face and I gaze into the horizon. Today was no exception.
A friend once said, ¨surfing is not just something you do but something you are. I surf, therefore I am.¨
People surf for many different reasons, for health and fitness, adventure, experience, or just to be out in the ocean. I, like many surfers feel out of place when I have not ridden a wave for a few weeks. Talk to almost any girl who has dated a surfer for a modest length of time and they will grudgingly tell you how surfing comes before the poo-nany (what they do not tell you is that right after surfing, the surfer takes the poo-nany). I guess there is a difference between being IN the sea and being OF the sea. Surfers seem to be on an eternal quest for perfect waves. I view this as an extension of a man´s nature to better himself and strive for an ideal.
Surfing is an art and method of leisure that had has been a part of ancient Polynesian culture for thousands of years. There is evidence that a surfing culture existed in Samoa and Tonga long before places like Hawaii. You normally surf on the ocean, but it is possible to surf on lakes, in rivers, in man made waves pools and behind boats. In certain bays we could get behind tankers and ride the wave behind the ship for long periods.
Surfing is a sport of achievements. The first wave ride, the first surf line, the first barrel, the biggest wave…all stories to tell and bars to be raised
Wave height is measured in two ways, I prefer the second, but was raised with the first. The California (Bascom) method is where the surfer stands on the beach with eyes aligned with wave crest and the horizon. He or she then measures the wave from that point to the average sea level. The second (Hawaiian) method measures the wave by the top of the back of the wave where it begins to curl. The difference in these two methods is on the order of a one third (to one half) reduction. Sometimes a third way is considered that is based on the area that is actually ridden by a surfer; this is a hybrid that often yields a result somewhere in the middle. The largest wave on record is 78 feet or a little over 23 meters (as measured by the Hawaiian method), but you hear stories of monsters in the Cortez Bank, Peahi (Jaws), or Mavericks. Sometimes waves are not measured in feet and inches, but in increments of fear. The heaviest wave in the world is often considered to be Teahupoʻo in Tahiti. The Tahitians call it the skull crusher as it can get grow to 23 feet breaking over a reef that can be be less than two feet (or up to 5 feet) in depth; It is an unusual semi-circular break with a steep wall where the professional surfers at the top of the game tread cautiously. A healthy respect for the ocean is needed as a surfer.
It is not possible to paddle into really big waves (generally over 5-6 meters) as you are unable to match the velocity of the wave under your own power, rather you need to be towed into a big wave with a wave-runner. When you ride waves in excess of 5 meters you are not as much training to ride the wave as much as you are training to survive the wave because the real monsters can shove you 4-5 meters under water quickly.
The quality of waves in a given location is largely dependent on the timing of the waves sets moving toward the shoreline (or reef/change in ocean floor topography) for bigger offshore or monster waves. The amount of time it takes for two successive wave crests to pass through a determined point is called swell period or wave interval. High quality waves are generated in the open ocean, hundreds of miles offshore. When the period is 6-10 seconds it often indicates that there will be a spot or two that is pumping as the waves are generated by local winds and currents. When the period is closer longer (especially closer to 20 seconds), the swell has accumulated energy over larger distances in the ocean and can overcome regional currents and local winds. Generally this also means that the waves are going to get bigger. Here is my measuring stick (period is in seconds):
Wave Period (s) Wave Conditions
1-5 Local wind swells with bumpy and disordered waves. Generally poor surfing conditions but it may be possible;
6-8 Regional and local wind swells with average surfing conditions. Some waves have your name on them;
8-10 Medium-distance swells improve the local surfing conditions. Waves are not like women, they will not get jealous if you ride
more than one;
10-12 The power of ground swells is taking effect; Get your ass out there now;
13 + Higher quality waves, be prepared to have a story to tell.
When a wave is smooth like glass, it is considered to be of the highest quality. Regardless of the above conditions one of my mottos is that a day with waves (surfing) is better that a day without waves.
Waves are mainly a product of the wind, as wind touches the surface of the ocean the energy is transferred to the water and helps create the swell (a group of travelling waves). Local shore winds can also produce waves, but they usually destroy the quality of the breaking waves. Onshore winds are typically known for creating choppy and bumpy waves because they push in the direction of the wave, making them unstable. In theory, low-pressure systems are responsible for creating good and strong waves. The friction created by these winds helps to form energy waves that travel thousands of miles until hitting final obstacles; usually coastal areas.
When swells eventually reach shallow water they slow down and the wave energy is released in the form of breaking waves. This energy is focused toward the more shallow areas of water, since that section of the wave isn’t moving as fast as the sections traveling over deeper water. The way in which the line of swell bends horizontally as it breaks is called “refraction” and is dependent on landscape characteristics and the depth of the sea floor. There are two types of refraction: Firstly is concave; where a line of swell travels over a raised bottom contour that has deeper water around it, the farthest ends of the wave will bend toward the shore. From the side, the wave looks like a bowl with energy focused at a peak in the middle; Teahupoʻo is an example of this. This type of wave can produce excellent surfing waves that can be ridden to the left or the right of the peak. The second is convex; where a line of swell encounters a headland, for example, with deeper water adjacent to it, the middle of the wave will bend away from the deep water and toward the shoreline. As a result, wave energy is spread over a wide area. This is known as convex refraction and can result in less powerful waves but longer rides than the concave variety.
There are a number of obstacles that can affect swell behavior as the wave moves toward the coastline like reefs, large rocks, jetties, sunken boats, or other artificial reefs. Sand banks are normally changing at beach breaks. This is why beach break wave quality is so variable and often unreliable. A new sand bank typically means a new wave peak because swell hits the sandy obstacle and pumps the wave crest, allowing surfable waves. The water drags along the bottom, transporting the sediment. If the motion is greater in one direction than the other, then the sediment will have a net displacement.
Waves are a complex result of many factors from being created by wind which is created by the rotation of the Earth and the friction that is caused by pressure differentials within the atmosphere, and influenced along the way by changes in sea floor topography, rainfall, tides, coastal backwash, currents and local winds. There is also stuff like geomorphology of the planet's surface, solar energy and gravity, but I am not going to get into that here dude.
I spend time talking about the above because the location and conditions that you choose to surf will directly affect the quality of your surfing experience and the intensity of your stoke.
When you learn to surf, I recommend an instructor that is not only a good surfer, but one who can teach. Sometimes surfers are not the best teachers, they are simply incredible surfers (the same can be said of many endeavors). I think that the best teachers start you out first sitting on the beach, talking about safety, your board, how to read the ocean (in terms of where to surf, where to paddle out, currents, tides, winds) and then you practice on land for quite a while before going into the water. It is much easier to practice your body position, standing up, and maintaining balance without the floor under you moving (in all three dimensions) or having water shoved up your nose. If you are not a strong swimmer, practice as this will directly relate to your surfing and safety. After you learn to surf and begin going out with a buddy, consider surfing in water that is at least as deep as you are tall.
When you practice on the land it is good use an outline of your board in the sand first and make sure that your six is toward the ocean and you can see a tree or building that will be used as a reference point. I recommend by beginning with mental and physical rehearsal on the land at first as it is much easier without the stress of pounding surf and delay between what you think you should do and what you actually will do in a three dimensional environment that is changing every second regardless of what you are thinking or what you actually do. Consequences are going to happen. So you will practice your body position on the board, paddling, setting your hands, lifting your head and picking a reference point on land (if you look down with a moving ocean and a moving 3D surf board without experience, you will fall unless you are a natural). Then you will learn to press your upper body upward and slide your center of gravity forward and plant your feet in the proper position on the board. There are a few ways to do this, chicken wing with one leg and my preference is the single motion pop-up. You can even practice on the floor in any room of your house. It is mainly proprioceptive. You need to learn to control your body and balance in three dimensions while the outer world is changing in three dimensions. The relative constant is the board interfacing with the water.
The first few times you surf should be in relatively calmer water with little (1-2 foot) waves on a very long, wide board and your instructor help you time your wave by signaling to you when to paddle and he will push the back of your board to help you match the velocity of the wave so that you have a better opportunity. Building confidence is important. For your first board I would recommend a foam board with rubber fins (fiberglass fins can cut you like a knife) that is 10-12 feet in length (longer is easier when you start) very wide, very thick with a very round point. This board will not be the normal fiber glass nor require wax. This will give you maximum stability and increase the probability to stand up. At first you may simply ride a few waves on your stomach to get a feel for moving on the board, then progress to your knees or on one knee. After you stand up the first time, if you have the hunger to keep doing it, watch out as you will want to surf more and more, the rush is addictive. Rent a board (which should be easy if you have an instructor) until you can stand up and feel the stoke. When you have that feeling (and it is un-mistakable) consider buying a board of your own with the realization that you may be changing boards (a few times within the first few years) as your skill level and hunger increases.
As time goes by you move to larger waves and you will find that there are many different types of waves. The Hawaiians have many words to describe the different types of waves and how they break. Generally there are beach breaks, point breaks, reef breaks and river mouth breaks. Waves break to the left or the right (lefts or rights are from the point of view of the surfer). Then there are peak waves, which is are waves that breaks forming a rideable wave both left and right. Two surfers can surf it at the same time in different directions. I personally like point breaks and with my waves 1 ½ - 2 ½ meters high (Hawaiian system) and peak waves with friend. My sweet spot is about 2 meters or 6-7 feet, 12-15 second period and pure glass. If you wipe out, you get a nice trip through the washing machine, but more tolerable. Above 3 meters the waves begin to get really heavy and they take a toll on your body. When I am more adventurous I will do 3 and occasional 4 meters. A breaking wave can apply a pressure of between 250-6,000 pounds per square foot (1,200-30,000 kilograms per square meter). There are many variables involved. The salinity of the water, the height, thickness and width of the falling lip; the winds involved in the equation; traveling speed; etc.. A cubic meter of water (1,000 liters) weighs one metric ton (1,000 kilograms). A 10 meter wave is over 400 tons of water coming down on your body (over coral is significantly more dangerous than sand) if you wipe out and go through the laundry machine.
As you surf more and more, your boards will generally get shorter, less wide, less thick, more pointed, more rocker (curvature of the board from a profile angle that allows you to ride different waves in different ways; additionally there is nose rocker and tail rocker), the back of the board will vary (round tail, pin tail, rounded pin tail, squash tail, square tail, thumb tail, swallow tail, bat tail) as will the shape (concave or flat) of the bottom of the board as well as the types of fins that you use. You will be sacrificing stability for speed and the ability to maneuver and carve the wave.
The fins of a surfboard act as a hydrofoil to improve stability and directional control. As the surfer shifts his weight laterally using his heels, toes, knees, hips, shoulders and arms), the direction of the board is influenced. The ancient surfers did not use fins and their boards were made from large pieces of wood that could weigh 80 or 100 pounds. The outside (rail) fins that are close to the edge of the board assist in converting the (kinetic) energy of the wave in combination with the surfers mass that is on the sloped wave (potential energy) into lift. You know flying has to come in here somehow. The fin in the middle of the surfboard acts as a keel (sailing needs to come in here too). The board with3 fins is called a thruster and when you have a second set of rail fins (twin fins) to the outside you have a 5 fined thruster or without the keel fin in the middle near the tail you have a quad (4 fins). The rail fins are engaged with the surfer´s heels and toes. A surfboard with more fins will produce more lift during turning maneuvers. The size, shape, thickness, flexibility and angle of the fins on the surfboard board influence how the board performs in various surfing conditions. As an example, for larger waves where you want relatively less maneuvering, the fins are oriented toward the nose for stability, when fins are placed closer to the center of the surfboard, the board will make tighter turns. Fins placed, closer to the tail, closer to the rail and oriented toward the nose provide the greatest stability. For fins alone terms like Toe, Cant, Foil, Rake, Flex are important. Some fins are glassed in (permanent), but most are removable.
Shapers are the guys who make surfboards and they are surfers who are part artist and part engineer. The part of the board that usually takes the most amount of time is the side of the board known as the rail. Shaping the rails and blending them properly will dictate how the surfboard releases the water and influences the speed, turning and floatation. The rails tend to be thicker in the middle of the surfboard and less so at each end. Rails are generally two types, soft and hard. Soft rails are rounded with no hard edges. The transition from the rail to the bottom of the board is very smooth. A hard rail (also called a down rail) is more squared off, sloping down in a more distinct manner and may form a corner or edge with the bottom. A harder rail will make the surfboard plane out faster and turn more quickly (the rail is used in a coordinated fashion with the fins). Generally the rails are round rails, down rails, rolled rails, egg rails, 50/50 rails, 60/40 rails .
This is the point where you are attempting to blend all of the curves of the board into a more organic design.
The more you surf, the more boards you will have as there are many different types of waves and types of conditions. Surfers often call this their Quiver (as in quiver of arrows).
My quiver is 7 boards starting with a 6´4¨ squash tailed short board, 19.625¨wide and 2.625¨ inches thick with 3 fins, finishing with a big gun (for large waves). Most of my boards now are custom made for me (but I am no pro). The most important qualities to consider in your surf board are firstly your skill level, then your fitness level and thirdly your height and weight; fourthly the type of wave(s) that you will be riding.
Your board will be fiber glass and you will have a track pad on the back of the board for your rear foot to maneuver as well as put wax somewhere in the of the surfboard to provide traction for your front foot (there are different types of wax for different water temperatures in warmer or colder water. Bigger waves require a larger board (some are called guns) and slow, thick waves usually call for a long board. In general, the taller you are, the longer the board, the heavier you are the longer and thicker the board. Other types of boards are short boards, fun boards, the fish, Sup (with a paddle).
Conservation of energy is important to a surfer as you want to maximize surfing and minimize paddle out and fighting the waves (you will eventually learn to duck-dive and go under the wave as you paddle out). This where studying the conditions 15-20 minutes before you surf pays dividends. Many reef breaks, break into a channel that was made by the discharge of sand from a river mouth that covers and kills the reef. This can be helpful for surfers as it makes for an easy paddle out to the lineup. Look for places where the sand is elevated (sandbar) and paddle out there and then cross behind the break to enter the line-up. The line-up and etiquette are important, when you drop-in (cut in front of a surfer as he is riding the wave) on another surfer or take his wave, receiving a fist sandwich is not uncommon. In general practice in areas that are according to your level, when you move up to places that are more challenging with more surfers observe the line-up and then get in the line-up like everyone else. If you have been surfing for a while it is normal for guys to have buddies (2) and to form small groups of 3-5 surfers and you tend to have spots that you surf together. When visiting a place to surf, learn from and respect the locals. It is a like a tribe. Being a surfer in general is one tribe, being at a certain area is another tribe, on a certain beach yet another tribe or with a certain group on that beach another tribe.
As time goes by you will learn to peel off (relative angle that you ride the wave) at decreasing angles as you get better and your ability to carve up the wave will increase as you learn how to use your hips, legs, shoulders and arms while moving forward in an pounding three dimensional adventure. Your first wave, your first carve, your first tube, and your first radical manoeuver will be etched in your being. After this you will start saying things like; "you should've been (t)here yesterday."
I will close with another thought as it applies to surfing, game and life and that is; ¨Wiping out is an underappreciated skill.¨