Quote: (10-12-2013 02:07 AM)LeBeau Wrote:
Quote: (10-11-2013 10:42 PM)Quintus Curtius Wrote:
There are even more interesting passages in the letters of Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan in which he asks for advice on how to deal with Christian fanatics. He asks for guidance how how to interrogate them, and under what conditions they should be executed. These letters make for amazing reading, and if anyone's interested I can quote them. The gist is that Pliny, and educated and urbane Roman, was shocked at how ignorant and fanatical these early "Christians" were.
True history is almost always stranger than fiction...
Always feel free to expand on your posts when it comes to these historical discussions, I'm sure I'm not the only one who enjoys learning more from the past.
+1 overdue rep point from me, also enjoyed the educational ROK posts.
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Thanks, LeBeau. I'm glad you and many others here have historical interest, as I do. Earlier this year, I was working on a Latin textbook and came across some letters of Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan. Pliny was a very refined man, and his letters are a great source of information about life and society in the Empire in his day. (Incidentally, Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, was also a distinguished encyclopedist and died in the Vesuvius eruption).
At one point he was stationed as a government official in Roman Palestine and was tasked with keeping order. He had to deal with various religious sects, fanatics, "holy men", and the like.
What is very interesting about his correspondence from this period is how he and other Romans viewed the new sect (or, to phrase it more unkindly, cult) of Christianity. There's no substitute for first-hand accounts. He just can't understand these dour fanatics. Check out these examples:
[i][i]TO THE EMPEROR TRAJAN
[i]IT is a rule, Sir, which I inviolably observe, to refer myself to you in all my doubts; for who is more capable of guiding my uncertainty or informing my ignorance? Having never been present at any trials of the Christians, I am unacquainted with the method and limits to be observed either in examining or punishing them. Whether any difference is to be made on account of age, or no distinction allowed between the youngest and the adult; whether repentance admits to a pardon, or if a man has been once a Christian it avails him nothing to recant; whether the mere profession of Christianity, albeit without crimes, or only the crimes associated therewith are punishable�in all these points I am greatly doubtful.
In the meanwhile, the method I have observed towards those who have been denounced to me as Christians is this: I interrogated them whether they were Christians; if they confessed it I repeated the question twice again, adding the threat of capital punishment; if they still persevered, I ordered them to be executed. For whatever the nature of their creed might be, I could at least feel no doubt that contumacy and inflexible obstinacy deserved chastisement. There were others also possessed with the same infatuation, but being citizens of Rome, I directed them to be carried thither.
These accusations spread (as is usually the case) from the mere fact of the matter being investigated and several forms of the mischief came to light. A placard was put up, without any signature, accusing a large number of persons by name. Those who denied they were, or had ever been, Christians, who repeated after me an invocation to the Gods, and offered adoration, with wine and frankincense, to your image, which I had ordered to be brought for that purpose, together with those of tbe Gods, and who finally cursed Christ�none of which acts, it is said, those who are really Christians can be forced into performing�these I thought it proper to discharge. Others who were named by that informer at first confessed themselves Christians, and then denied it; true, they had been of that persuasion but they had quitted it, some three years, others many years, and a few as much as twentyfive years ago. They all worshipped your statue and the images of the Gods, and cursed Christ.
They affirmed, however, the whole of their guilt, or their error, was, that they were in the habit of meeting on a certain fixed day before it was light, when they sang in alternate verses a hymn to Christ, as to a god, and bound themselves by a solemn oath, not to any wicked deeds, but never to commit any fraud, theft or adultery, never to falsify their word, nor deny a trust when they should be called upon to deliver it up; after which it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble to partake of food�but food of an ordinary and innocent kind. Even this practice, however, they had abandoned after the publication of my edict, by which, according to your orders, I had forbidden political associations. I judged it so much the more necessary to extract the real truth, with the assistance of torture, from two female slaves, who were styled deaconesses: but I could discover nothing more than depraved and excessive superstition.
I therefore adjourned the proceedings, and betook myself at once to your counsel. For the matter seemed to me well worth referring to you, especially considering the numbers endangered. Persons of all ranks and ages, and of both sexes are, and will be, involved in the prosecution. For this contagious superstition is not confined to the cities only, but has spread through the villages and rural districts; it seems possible, however, to check and cure it. 'Tis certain at least that the temples, which had been almost deserted, begin now to be frequented; and the sacred festivals, after a long intermission, are again revived; while there is a general demand for sacrificial animals, which for some time past have met with but few purchasers. From hence it is easy to imagine what multitudes may be reclaimed from this error, if a door be left open to repentance.[/i][/i][/i] [Pliny, Letters, X.96]
Basically, Pliny was not certain how to deal with these religious fanatics. He was wondering if his methods of examination and torture were correctly applied. The Emperor Trajan's response has been preserved. Here it is:
LETTER 97
TRAJAN TO PLINY
THE METHOD YOU have pursued, my dear Pliny, in sifting the cases of those denounced to you as Cbristians is extremely proper. It is not possible to lay down any general rule which can be applied as the fixed standard in all cases of this nature. No search should be made for these people; when they are denounced and found guilty they must be punished; with the restriction, however, that when the party denies himself to be a Christian, and shall give proof that he is not (that is, by adoring our gods) he shall be pardoned on the ground of repentance, even though he may have formerly incurred suspicion. Informations without the accuser's name subscribed must not be admitted in evidence against anyone, as it is introducing a very dangerous precedent, and by no means agreeable to the spirit of the age. [Pliny, Letters X.97]
I think what we can conclude from all this is that to the contemporary Roman imperial authorities, the Christians were seen as a subversive nuisance. The educated, urbane Roman administration could only scratch their heads at these odd Semitic fanatics.
But as it turned out, the Romans underestimated the appeal that Christianity had to the masses. In a couple hundred years, it would become the official religion of the Empire.
History is strange, isn't it?